Mac Tool For Checking If C Headers Are Needed

Eclipse is an open-source Integrated Development Environment (IDE) supported by IBM. The mother site is @ www.eclipse.org. Eclipse is popular for Java project development. It also supports C/C++, PHP, Python, Perl, and other web project developments via extensible plug-ins. Eclipse is cross-platform and runs under Windows, Linux and Mac OS.

How to Install Eclipse C/C++ Development Tool (CDT) 8.1.2 for Eclipse 4.2.2 (Juno)

Step 0: Install MinGW GCC or Cygwin GCC

To use Eclipse for C/C++ programming, you need a C/C++ compiler. On Windows, you could install either MinGW GCC or Cygwin GCC. Choose MinGW if you are not sure, because MinGW is lighter and easier to install, but having less features.

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  1. MinGW GCC: Read 'How to Install MinGW'.
  2. Cygwin GCC: Read 'How to Install Cygwin'. Make sure that you select 'gcc', 'g++', 'gdb', and 'make' packages under the 'Devel' (Development) category - these packages are not part of the default installation.
Step 1: Install Eclipse C/C++ Development Tool (CDT)

Two ways to install CDT, depending on whether you have previously installed an Eclipse:

  1. If you have already installed 'Eclipse for Java Developers' or other Eclipse packages, you could install the CDT plug-in as follows:
    Launch Eclipse ⇒ Help ⇒ Install New Software ⇒ In 'Work with' field, pull down the drop-down menu and select 'Kepler - http://download.eclipse.org/releases/kepler' (or juno for Eclipse 4.2; or helios for Eclipse 3.7).
    In 'Name' box, expand 'Programming Language' node ⇒ Check 'C/C++ Development Tools' ⇒ 'Next' ⇒ .. ⇒ 'Finish'.
  2. If you have not install any Eclipse package, you could download 'Eclipse IDE for C/C++ Developers' from http://www.eclipse.org/downloads, and unzip the downloaded file into a directory of your choice.
Step 2: Configuration

You do NOT need to do any configuration, as long as the Cygwin or MinGW binaries are included in the PATH environment variable. CDT searches the PATH to discover the C/C++ compilers.

Writing your First C/C++ Program in Eclipse

C++ Program

Step 0: Launch Eclipse

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  1. Start Eclipse by running 'eclipse.exe' in the Eclipse installed directory.
  2. Choose an appropriate directory for your workspace (i.e., where you would like to save your works).
  3. If the 'welcome' screen shows up, close it by clicking the 'close' button.
Step 1: Create a new C++ Project

For each C++ application, you need to create a project to keep all the source codes, object files, executable files, and relevant resources.

To create a new C++ project:

  1. Choose 'File' menu ⇒ 'New' ⇒ Project.. ⇒ C/C++ ⇒ C++ project.
  2. The 'C++ Project' dialog pops up.
    1. In 'Project name' field, enter 'FirstProject'.
    2. In 'Project Types' box, select 'Executable' ⇒ 'Empty Project'.
    3. In 'Toolchains' box, choose your compiler, e.g., 'Cygwin GCC' or 'MinGW GCC' ⇒ Next.
  3. The 'Select Configurations' dialog appears. Select both 'Debug' and 'Release' ⇒ Finish.
Step 2: Write a Hello-world C++ Program
  1. In the 'Project Explorer' (leftmost panel) ⇒ Right-click on 'FirstProject' (or use the 'File' menu) ⇒ New ⇒ Source File.
  2. The 'New Source File' dialog pops up.
    1. In 'Source file' field, enter 'Hello.cpp'.
    2. Click 'Finish'.
  3. The source file 'Hello.cpp' opens on the editor panel (double-click on 'test.cpp' to open if necessary). Enter the following codes:
If 'Unresolved Inclusion Error'

If error 'unresolved inclusion' appears next to #include statement, the 'include paths for headers' are not set properly. Select 'Project' menu ⇒ Properties ⇒ C/C++ General ⇒ Paths and Symbols ⇒ In 'Includes' tab:

For Cygwin GCC:

  1. 'Add' the following directories to 'GNU C', where $CYGWIN_HOME is your Cygwin installed directory:
    • $CYGWIN_HOMElibgcci686-pc-cygwin4.5.xinclude
    • $CYGWIN_HOMElibgcci686-pc-cygwin4.5.xinclude-fixed
    • $CYGWIN_HOMEusrinclude
    • $CYGWIN_HOMEusrincludew32api
  2. 'Add' the following directories to 'GNU C++', where $CYGWIN_HOME is your Cygwin installed directory:
    • $CYGWIN_HOMElibgcci686-pc-cygwin4.5.xincludec++
    • $CYGWIN_HOMElibgcci686-pc-cygwin4.5.xincludec++i686-pc-cygwin
    • $CYGWIN_HOMElibgcci686-pc-cygwin4.5.xincludec++backward
    • $CYGWIN_HOMElibgcci686-pc-cygwin4.5.xinclude
    • $CYGWIN_HOMElibgcci686-pc-cygwin4.5.xinclude-fixed
    • $CYGWIN_HOMEusrinclude
    • $CYGWIN_HOMEusrincludew32api

For MinGW GCC:

  1. 'Add' the following directories to 'GNU C', where $MINGW_HOME is your MinGW installed directory:
    • $MINGW_HOMElibgccmingw324.6.xinclude
    • $MINGW_HOMEinclude
    • $MINGW_HOMElibgccmingw324.6.xinclude-fixed
  2. 'Add' the following directories to 'GNU C++', where $MINGW_HOME is your Cygwin installed directory:
    • $MINGW_HOMElibgccmingw324.6.xincludec++
    • $MINGW_HOMElibgccmingw324.6.xincludec++mingw32
    • $MINGW_HOMElibgccmingw324.6.xincludec++backward
    • $MINGW_HOMElibgccmingw324.6.xinclude
    • $MINGW_HOMEinclude
    • $MINGW_HOMElibgccmingw324.6.xinclude-fixed

NOTE: To find the header paths, you can do a search on headers such as 'stdio.h' (for C) and 'iostream' (for C++) under the Cygwin or MinGW installed directory.

Note: If you encounter 'error while loading shared libraries' during link. Install 'libmpfr4' in cygwin.
Step 3: Compile/Build

Right-click on the 'FirstProject' (or use the 'Project' menu) ⇒ choose 'Build Project' to compile and link the program.

Step 4: Run

To run the program, right-click on the 'FirstProject' (or anywhere on the source 'test.cpp', or select the 'Run' menu) ⇒ Run As ⇒ Local C/C++ Application ⇒ (If ask, choose Cygwin's gdb debugger) ⇒ The output 'Hello, world!' appears on the 'Console' panel.

NOTE: You need to create a new C++ project for EACH of your programming problems. This is messy for writing toy programs!

C Program

Follow the same steps as above. Create a 'C Project' (instead of 'C++ Project'). Try the following Hello-world program (called 'Hello.c').

C++ Program with Makefile

In the previous examples, we use so-called managed-make where Eclipse automatically generated a makefile to build the program. We can also choose to write our own makefile for complete control of the building process.

Step 1: Create a C++ Makefile Project

From 'File' menu ⇒ New ⇒ Project.. ⇒ C/C++ ⇒ C++ project ⇒ In 'Project name', enter 'HelloCppMakefile' ⇒ In 'Project type', choose 'Makefile Project ', 'Empty Project' ⇒ In 'Toolchains', choose 'Cygwin GCC' or 'MinGW GCC'. Ignore the warning message.

Step 2: Write a C++ Program

Right-click on the project ⇒ New ⇒ Source File ⇒ In 'Source file', enter 'Hello.cpp' ⇒ Enter the following source codes:

Step 3: Write a Makefile

Right-click on the project ⇒ New ⇒ File ⇒ In 'File name', enter 'makefile' ⇒ Enter the following codes. Take note that you need to use a Tab (NOT Spaces) for the indent.

Step 4: Build the Project

Right-click on the project ⇒ Build Project.

Step 5: Run the Program

Right-click on the project ⇒ Run As ⇒ Local C/C++ Application.


[TODO] Write a makefile to compile toy-programs under one project.

Read the Documentation

At a minimum, you SHOULD browse through Eclipse's 'Workbench User Guide' and 'C/C++ Development User Guide' - accessible via the Eclipse's 'Welcome' page or 'Help' menu. This will save you many agonizing hours trying to figure out how to do some things later.

Debugging C/C++ Programs in Eclipse CDT

Able to use a graphics debugger to debug program is crucial in programming. It could save you countless of hours guessing on what went wrong.

Step 0: Write a C++ Program - The following program computes and prints the factorial of n (=1*2*3*..*n). The program, however, has a logical error and produce a wrong answer for n=20 ('The Factorial of 20 is -2102132736' - a negative number?!).

Let us use the graphic debugger to debug the program.

Step 1: Set an Initial Breakpoint - A breakpoint suspends program execution for you to examine the internal states (e.g., value of variables) of the program. Before starting the debugger, you need to set at least one breakpoint to suspend the execution inside the program. Set a breakpoint at main() function by double-clicking on the left-margin of the line containing main(). A blue circle appears in the left-margin indicating a breakpoint is set at that line.

Step 2: Start Debugger - Right click on the project (or use the 'Run' menu) ⇒ 'Debug As' ⇒ 'Local C/C++ Application' ⇒ choose 'Yes' to switch into 'Debug' perspective (A perspective is a particular arrangement of panels to suits a certain development task such as editing or debugging). The program begins execution but suspends its operation at the breakpoint, i.e., the main() function.

As illustrated in the following diagram, the highlighted line (also pointed to by a blue arrow) indicates the statement to be executed in the next step.

Step 3: Step-Over and Watch the Variables and Outputs - Click the 'Step Over' button (or select 'Step Over' from 'Run' menu) to single-step thru your program. At each of the step, examine the value of the variables (in the 'Variable' panel) and the outputs produced by your program (in the 'Console' Panel), if any. You can also place your cursor at any variable to inspect the content of the variable.

Single-stepping thru the program and watching the values of internal variables and the outputs produced is the ultimate mean in debugging programs - because it is exactly how the computer runs your program!

Step 4: Breakpoint, Run-To-Line, Resume and Terminate - As mentioned, a breakpoint suspends program execution and let you examine the internal states of the program. To set a breakpoint on a particular statement, double-click the left-margin of that line (or select 'Toggle Breakpoint' from 'Run' menu).

'Resume' continues the program execution, up to the next breakpoint, or till the end of the program.

'Single-step' thru a loop with a large count is time-consuming. You could set a breakpoint at the statement immediately outside the loop (e.g., Line 12 of the above program), and issue 'Resume' to complete the loop.

Alternatively, you can place the cursor on a particular statement, and issue 'Run-To-Line' from the 'Run' menu to continue execution up to the line.

'Terminate' ends the debugging session. Always terminate your current debugging session using 'Terminate' or 'Resume' till the end of the program.

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Step 5: Switching Back to C/C++ perspective - Click the 'C/C++' perspective icon on the upper-right corner to switch back to the 'C/C++' perspective for further programming (or 'Window' menu ⇒ Open Perspective ⇒ C/C++).

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I can's stress more that mastering the use of debugger is crucial in programming. Explore the features provided by the debuggers.

Other Debugger's Features

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Modify the Value of a Variable: You can modify the value of a variable by entering a new value in the 'Variable' panel. This is handy for temporarily modifying the behavior of a program, without changing the source code.

Step-Into and Step-Return: To debug a function, you need to use 'Step-Into' to step into the first statement of the method. You could use 'Step-Return' to return back to the caller, anywhere within the method. Alternatively, you could set a breakpoint inside a method.

NOTE: If you receive error message 'Can't find a source file at /cygdrive/c..' during debugging, you need to configure a mapping between '/cygdrive/c' and 'c:/' (assuming that your program in kept in drive c. From 'Window' ⇒ 'Preferences' ⇒ 'C/C++' ⇒ 'Debug' ⇒ 'Common Source Lookup Path', select 'Add' ⇒ 'Path Mapping'.

Tips & Tricks

Read Eclipse for Java's Tips & Tricks for general tips in using Eclipse.

C/C++ Software Development Using GCC

  1. You can find the commands used in Eclipse CDT for build the project at '<workspace>.metadata.pluginsorg.eclipse.cdt.uiglobal-build.log'.
  2. Setting include-paths, library-paths, and libraries: When building the program, the compiler needs the header files to compile the source codes; the linker needs the libraries to resolve external references. The compiler searches the 'include-paths' for the headers specified in #include directives. The linker searches the 'library-paths' for 'libraries' needed to link the program. In GCC, include-path is specified via -Idir option or environment variable CPATH. The library-path is specified via -Ldir option, or environment variable LIBRARY_PATH. The library libxxx.a is specified via -lxxx option (lowercase letter 'l', without the prefix lib and .a extension).
    In Eclipse CDT, you can set the include paths, library paths and libraries by right-click on the project ⇒ Properties ⇒ C/C++ General ⇒ Paths and Symbols ⇒ Under tabs 'Includes', 'Library Paths' and 'Libraries'. The settings are applicable to the selected project only.
    To set the include paths and library paths for all the projects, set the environment variables CPATH and LIBRARY_PATH. In Eclipse, choose 'Window' ⇒ Preferences ⇒ C/C++ ⇒ Build ⇒ Environment.
    Alternatively, copy the headers and libraries into system directories, and you can omit the include-paths and library-paths.
  3. OpenGL with GLUT: For Cygwin, you need to install gcc, g++, gdb, make (under Devel category) and opengl, freeglut (under graphics category). The headers gl.h, glu.h, glut.h are kept in $cygwinusrincludew32apiGL. Use #include <GL/gl__.h> to include the headers. The libraries libopengl32.alibglu32.a and libglut32.a are kept in $cygwinlibw32api. To specify these libraries in linking, use -lopengl32-lglu32-lglut32 options (without the lib prefix and .a extension).
  4. OpenGL with SDL: Download SDL from http://www.libsdl.org. Choose Development Libraries ⇒ win32 ⇒ mingw32 ⇒ Unzip. Copy the headers directory SDL (under include) to $cygwinusrincludew32api; copy all the library files in lib into $cygwinlibw32api; copy the run-time library SDL.dll (under bin) into Windows/System32. In your program, include these two headers: #include <SDL/sdl.h> and #include <SDL/sdl_opengl.h>. For linking, add these libraries: -lSDL-lSDLmain.
  5. #pragma Comment Directive: pragma comment directive, e.g., #pragma comment(lib, 'opengl32.lib'), is often used to include a particular library (same as -l option). This system-dependent directive works on Windows's compiler, but NOT in GCC.
  6. Error 'multiple target patterns': There is a problem with GNU make (at $Cygwinbinmake.exe). Replaced by this copy @ http://www.cmake.org/files/cygwin/make.exe.
  7. fflush(stdout): The gcc library uses buffered I/O (in accordance with the C Specification). Output is only written out to the output stream after a newline character. You can flush the output with a fflush().
  8. Project name shall not include the word 'setup': If you name your C/C++ project with a name including the word 'setup', then the resultant '*setup*.exe' will trigger UAC (User Authorization Control) and require administrator right to run. (This took me a few hours to figure out! Try renaming a 'hello.exe' to 'mysetup.exe'.)

File I/O in Eclipse

Refer to Eclipse for Java's File IO.

REFERENCES & RESOURCES

  1. Eclipse's 'C/C++ Development Tool User Guide', accessible via Eclipse's Help menu.
  2. GCC (GNU compilers) mother site @ http://gcc.gnu.org; GCC manual @ http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs.
  3. An Introduction to GCC @ http://www.network-theory.co.uk/docs/gccintro/index.html.

When one of the preset header/footer designs in Word 2016 doesn’t cut it, consider creating your own. Bitdefender free adware removal tool. The secret is to double-click the space at the top or bottom of the page. The header or footer area, respectively, becomes active.

You can place text or any other item, including graphics, in a header or footer. Common and useful commands appear on the Header & Footer Tools Design tab, but you can use any tab on the Ribbon to create and customize a header or footer.

To switch between the header and footer when editing, click the Go to Footer button. To switch back, click Go to Header. These buttons are found on the Header & Footer Tools Design tab in the Navigation group.

Type text in your header or footer

Any text you type in a header or footer becomes part of the header or footer. It doesn’t have to be fancy text, just whatever text you want appearing at the top or bottom of every page in the document.

The standard format for lines in a header or footer includes two tab stops: A center tab stop in the middle of the page and a right tab stop aligned with the right margin. Use these tab stops, as illustrated here, to create useful header text.

Add a page number in your header or footer

It’s tempting, and it seems like the obvious choice, but don’t use the Page Number command on the Header & Footer Tools Design toolbar. If you need a page number in a header or footer, add a document page-number field. Follow these steps.

  1. Position the insertion pointer where you want the page number to appear.

  2. Click the Header & Footer Tools Design tab.

  3. In the Insert group, click the Document Info button and choose Field.

    The Field dialog box appears.

  4. From the Categories menu, choose Numbering.

  5. In the Field names list, click to select Page.

  6. Choose a Format.

    For example, choose the item 1, 2, 3, … to use that numbering style.

  7. Click the OK button.

    The Page field is inserted in the header. It reflects the current page number for every page printed in the document.

Mac Tool For Checking If C Headers Are Needed

You don’t have to go to page 1 to insert a page number in a header. Word is smart enough to place the proper number on the proper page, no matter where you’re editing the header in your document.

If you want one of those “Page 3 of 45” things in a header or footer, you need two fields: The Page field as described in this section and the NumPages field. To add that field, repeat the steps here, but in Step 4 choose Document Information and in Step 5 choose NumPages.

Add the date and time to headers or footers

To place the current date or time or an updating time field in a header or footer, follow these steps:

  1. Position the insertion pointer where you want the date or time to appear.

  2. Click the Header & Footer Tools Design tab.

  3. In the Insert group, click the Date & Time command button.

    The Date and Time dialog box appears.

  4. Choose a format for the date, or the time, or both.

  5. To keep the date and time information current, place a check mark by the option Update Automatically.

  6. Click OK.